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曹操的屠城、杀降和高赋税是其攻打荆州时刘备携民渡江的重要原因

来源:931.scxinxi.com 更新时间:2026年03月15日

  老百姓的感情总是朴素和简单的,谁对他们好,他们就跟谁走,谁对他们不好,他们就用脚投票。

  曹操确实会写出“白骨露于野,千里无鸡鸣。生民百遗一,念之断人肠”这样的诗,但实际上造成这种灾难有曹操的一份功劳。

  初平四年(193年),曹操攻打徐州陶谦,陶谦退守郯城(今山东临沂),曹操攻取虑、雎陵、夏丘等城,都进行了屠城,男女数十万人被杀,鸡犬不宁,泗水都被断流。当初因为三辅李傕之乱时投奔陶谦的百姓,几乎全部被杀。到了兴平元年(194年),曹操再次攻打陶谦,攻取琅邪、东海诸县,陶谦再次不敌,准备逃到丹阳。

  无论是《后汉书》还是《三国志》都记载了曹操攻打陶谦时,大肆屠城杀戮。《后汉书》记载:“初平四年,曹操击谦,破彭城傅阳。谦退保郯,操攻之不能克,乃还。过拔取虑、雎陵、夏丘,皆屠之。凡杀男女数十万人,鸡犬无余,泗水为之不流,自是五县城保,无复行迹。初三辅遭李傕乱,百姓流移依谦者皆歼。兴平元年,曹操复击谦,略定琅邪、东海诸县,谦惧不免,欲走归丹阳。”《三国志》也说:“夏,使荀彧、程昱守鄄城,复征陶谦,拔五城,遂略地至东海。还过郯,谦将曹豹与刘备屯郯东,要太祖。太祖击破之,遂攻拔襄贲,所过多所残戮。”

  诸葛亮是徐州琅琊郡阳都(今山东省临沂市沂南县)人,其家族是当地的名门望族,就连诸葛亮这样的豪门家族也不能忍受曹操的屠城,大概就是曹操攻取琅邪之前,诸葛亮家族南下逃到了荆州。

  诸葛亮一家并非个案,为了躲避战乱,很多百姓士人往南逃,一部分逃到了荆州,比如诸葛亮兄弟姐妹及诸葛玄,一分部逃到了江东,比如张昭(徐州彭城人)、诸葛瑾(徐州琅琊人)、张纮(徐州广陵人)。

  

  

刘表

  当中原内乱时,刘表治理下的荆州成为一方乐土,关西、兖州、豫州很多士人南下到荆州投靠刘表的有数千人,刘表在荆州建起学校,接纳士人,从容自保。正因为荆州在乱世之中显得平安稳定,因此南下投靠荆州的流民就特别多,中原地区由于战乱十室九空,大多南下投靠荆州与江东。《后汉书》记载:“关西、兖、豫学士归者盖有千数,表安尉赈赡,皆得资全。遂起立学校,博求儒术,綦母闿、宋忠等撰立《五经》章句,谓之《后定》。爱民养士,从容自保。”

  中原还在征战之时,曹操数次南下攻打南阳郡宛城,这是荆州的北境,由张济镇守,与刘表结成同盟,共同抵抗曹操,曹操在中原的恶名自然会随着流民的南下而流传到荆州,再加上刘表与曹操又是敌人,当然也会刻意抹黑曹操。

  刘表主政的荆州在乱世之中已经平安了十余年,到建安十三年(208年)时,曹操南下荆州,打破了荆州的平安与稳定,自然会引发荆州百姓的恐慌。

  曹操从徐州屠城开始,史书记载的曹操一方的屠城至少有五六次,而且还有杀降,官渡之战时,袁绍手下数万军队投降了曹操,全部被屠杀。“太祖还,未至营,绍将高览、张郃等率其众降。绍众大溃,绍与谭单骑退渡河。余众伪降,尽坑之。”这些事是瞒不住的,自然也会流传到荆州,百姓对于曹操害怕是很正常的。

  建安十三年(208年),曹操进兵江陵,命荆州一带的官吏和百姓同他们一样实行新法规。“公进军江陵,下令荆州吏民,与之更始。”这一条就要命了,如果能维持刘表的政策,后面再更改法律,也许百姓还愿意留下来,现在曹操实行与曹魏占领区一样的政策,难免让百姓更加疑虑。

  

  

曹操

  众所周知,曹操控制区的税收是很重的,至少比刘表重,而且曹操实行屯田制,这是有强迫农民世代种地的性质,农民肯定不愿意,曹操这样一搞,百姓只能用脚投票了。“是时新募民开屯田,民不乐,多逃亡。”

  相反,刘备对待百姓就仁慈多了,而且刘备颇得人心:“其得人心如此。”曹操南下时,刘备南逃,刘琮的属下和荆州很多人都归附刘备,跟随刘备一起南逃,这说明百姓是带着全部身家跟随刘备一起逃亡,明显是不想跟随曹操,而想继续跟随刘备。“琮左右及荆州人多归先主。比到当阳,众十余万,辎重数千两,日行十余里,别遣关羽乘船数百艘,使会江陵。或谓先主曰:‘宜速行保江陵,今虽拥大众,被甲者少,若曹公兵至,何以拒之?’先主曰:‘夫济大事必以人为本,今人归吾,吾何忍弃去!’”这其中固然有刘备的私心,要知道当时人口就是生产力,有了人,既能组建军队,又能生产屯田,就具备与曹操对抗的资本,换了谁也不会丢弃人口。

  刘备收买民心的本事是很强的,他每到一地,首先做的就是收买民心,刘备刚到荆州不久,荆州当地士人百姓对刘备的态度是:“荆州豪杰归先主者日益多。”这还引起刘表的猜忌,后来刘备受刘璋邀请到益州时,刘备到葭萌驻军后,并未攻打张鲁,而是在“厚树恩德,以收众心。”

  

  

刘备

  荆州豪杰归附刘备肯定不是无缘无故的,刘备收买民心也不是无缘无故的,因为刘备有兴复汉室的雄心,所以他一直在准备着,收复百姓之心只是刘备的一项必备工作,刘备这样对待百姓,百姓自然愿意归附刘备,这是双向选择的。

  为什么老百姓愿意跟着刘备跑?总结一下,有三个原因:1、曹操屠城杀降,百姓不愿意跟随。2、曹操税赋重,强迫屯田,百姓不愿意跟随。3、刘备得民心,百姓愿意跟随。

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  126. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Cookie.php ( 6.06 KB )
  127. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/View.php ( 4.39 KB )
  128. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  129. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  130. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  131. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  132. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  133. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/runtime/temp/e324249df93b83aa1d9cca65b1306433.php ( 9.22 KB )
  134. /www/wwwroot/scxinxi.com/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000933s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=scxinxi.sjk;charset=utf8
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `xinwen` [ RunTime:0.000896s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `xinwen` WHERE `id` = 947 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000625s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `xinwen` ORDER BY rand() LIMIT 15 [ RunTime:0.100512s ]
  5. SELECT * FROM `xinwen` WHERE `status` = 1 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 30 [ RunTime:0.001574s ]
0.609169s